Spanish tenses organized into a practice-first system.

Facts, habits, current states, and scheduled near-future actions.

Actions that are actively in progress right now.

Past actions connected to the present moment.

Completed past actions at a defined point in time.

Past habits, background states, and ongoing descriptions.

Actions that had happened before another past event.

Literary forms for actions immediately before another past action.

Near-future plans expressed with ir a plus infinitive.

Future actions, predictions, and probability.

Actions that will have been completed by a future point.

Hypotheticals, politeness, wishes, and reported future.

Hypothetical past outcomes and polite speculation.

Wishes, doubt, emotion, uncertainty, and necessity.

Completed actions inside a present subjunctive frame.

Past wishes, doubts, hypotheticals, and if-clauses.

Hypothetical or unreal actions completed before a past point.

Rare legal and literary future subjunctive forms.

Rare completed future subjunctive forms.

Positive commands and direct requests.

Negative commands formed from subjunctive patterns.